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= Development Practices =
= Coding Style =


== Quick Start ==
== Typical development process ==


The typical development process on Samba looks like this:
Coding style guidelines are about reducing the number of unnecessary reformatting patches and making things easier for developers to work together.
You don't have to like them or even agree with them, but once put in place we all have to abide by them (or vote to change them). However, coding style should never outweigh coding itself and so the guidelines described here are hopefully easy enough to follow as they are very common and supported by tools and editors.


* A developer has a problem to solve. This might be fixing a bug, or implementing some previously unsupported Windows Server functionality.
The basic style for C code is the Linux kernel coding style (See Documentation/CodingStyle in the kernel source tree). This closely matches what most Samba developers use already anyways, with a few exceptions as mentioned below.
* The developer would then write test cases that demonstrate the problem. For server-side behaviour, these test cases would pass when run against a Windows DC, but fail against a Samba DC.
* The finished tests are integrated into Samba’s self-test and marked as known failures initially. There are a couple of benefits to this approach:
:* It’s standard practice in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test-driven_development Test-Driven Development (TDD)] to help prove that the new test-case works correctly.
:* It means <code>git bisect</code> can be run over the codebase, which can help to identify any degradations introduced to Samba. After any given commit, the Samba code will always compile, and will always pass all tests.
* The developer then writes the code to fix the bug or implement the desired functionality. The known failure status for the new tests is removed, the new tests are re-run, and this time they should all pass.
* The developer should then run the full Continuous Integration (CI) test suite over their changes, to verify they haven’t broken any existing functionality. The [https://gitlab.com/samba-team/devel/samba/pipelines Gitlab CI] provides a convenient way to do this, although there are several other approaches. Developers outside the samba team can submit patches to run against the Gitlab CI by following the [https://wiki.samba.org/index.php/Contribute#Subsequent_Merge_Requests_.28and_complex_first_requests.29 Merge Requests process on the Contribute page].
* The developer should end up with a coherent set of patches that add the new functionality, along with tests that prove the new functionality works correctly. They then submit the patch-set as explained by [[Contribute|Contribute page]].
* The code is reviewed by [https://www.samba.org/samba/team/ Samba Team members]. While any developer can potentially contribute changes to the Samba codebase, only Samba Team members have the access rights to actually deliver code changes to the master code branch. Usually the reviewers provide some feedback on how the patches could be further improved.
* Once the reviewer is happy, the code must then pass a final CI test run before it’s incorporated into the main Samba codebase.


The following sections cover the Continuous Integration and Code Review process in more detail, as these steps are particularly important to maintaining the quality of the Samba codebase.
The coding style for Python code is documented in [https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/ PEP8]. New Python code should be compatible with Python 2.6, 2.7, and Python 3.4 onwards. This means using Python 3 syntax with the appropriate 'from __future__' imports.


== Continuous Integration ==
But to save you the trouble of reading the Linux kernel style guide, here are the highlights.


[[Autobuild|Samba's autobuild system]] is the core of our CI system.
* Maximum Line Width is 80 Characters
:- The reason is not about people with low-res screens but rather sticking to 80 columns prevents you from easily nesting more than one level of if statements or other code blocks. Use source3/script/count_80_col.pl to check your changes.


== Code Review ==
* Use 8 Space Tabs to Indent
:- No whitespace fillers.


See [[CodeReview| Samba's Code Review Guidelines]]
* No Trailing Whitespace
:- Use source3/script/strip_trail_ws.pl to clean up your files before committing.


= Coding Style =
* Follow the K&R guidelines
:- We won't go through all of them here. Do you have a copy of "The C Programming Language" anyways right? You can also use the format_indent.sh script found in source3/script/ if all else fails.

== Editor Hints ==

=== Emacs ===

Add the follow to your $HOME/.emacs file:

(add-hook 'c-mode-hook
(lambda ()
(c-set-style "linux")
(c-toggle-auto-state)))

=== Vi ===

(Thanks to SATOH Fumiyasu <fumiyas@osstech.jp> for these hints):

For the basic vi editor included with all variants of \*nix, add the following to $HOME/.exrc:

set tabstop=8
set shiftwidth=8

For Vim, the following settings in $HOME/.vimrc will also deal with displaying trailing whitespace:

if has("syntax") && (&t_Co > 2 || has("gui_running"))
syntax on
function! ActivateInvisibleCharIndicator()
syntax match TrailingSpace "[ \t]\+$" display containedin=ALL
highlight TrailingSpace ctermbg=Red
endf
autocmd BufNewFile,BufRead * call ActivateInvisibleCharIndicator()
endif
" Show tabs, trailing whitespace, and continued lines visually
set list listchars=tab:»·,trail:·,extends:…
" highlight overly long lines same as TODOs.
set textwidth=80
autocmd BufNewFile,BufRead *.c,*.h exec 'match Todo /\%>' . &textwidth . 'v.\+/'

=== clang-format ===

BasedOnStyle: LLVM
IndentWidth: 8
UseTab: true
BreakBeforeBraces: Linux
AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: false
IndentCaseLabels: false
BinPackParameters: false
BinPackArguments: false
SortIncludes: false

== Comments ==

Comments should always use the standard C syntax. C++ style comments are not currently allowed.

The lines before a comment should be empty. If the comment directly belongs to the following code, there should be no empty line after the comment, except if the comment contains a summary of multiple following code blocks.

This is good:

...
int i;
/*
* This is a multi line comment,
* which explains the logical steps we have to do:
*
* 1. We need to set i=5, because...
* 2. We need to call complex_fn1
*/
/* This is a one line comment about i = 5. */
i = 5;
/*
* This is a multi line comment,
* explaining the call to complex_fn1()
*/
ret = complex_fn1();
if (ret != 0) {
...
/**
* @brief This is a doxygen comment.
*
* This is a more detailed explanation of
* this simple function.
*
* @param[in] param1 The parameter value of the function.
*
* @param[out] result1 The result value of the function.
*
* @return 0 on success and -1 on error.
*/
int example(int param1, int *result1);

This is bad:

...
int i;
/*
* This is a multi line comment,
* which explains the logical steps we have to do:
*
* 1. We need to set i=5, because...
* 2. We need to call complex_fn1
*/
/* This is a one line comment about i = 5. */
i = 5;
/*
* This is a multi line comment,
* explaining the call to complex_fn1()
*/
ret = complex_fn1();
if (ret != 0) {
...
/*This is a one line comment.*/
/* This is a multi line comment,
with some more words...*/
/*
* This is a multi line comment,
* with some more words...*/

== Indention & Whitespace & 80 columns ==

To avoid confusion, indentations have to be tabs with length 8 (not 8 ' ' characters). When wrapping parameters for function calls, align the parameter list with the first parameter on the previous line. Use tabs to get as close as possible and then fill in the final 7 characters or less with whitespace. For example,

var1 = foo(arg1, arg2,
arg3);

The previous example is intended to illustrate alignment of function parameters across lines and not as encourage for gratuitous line splitting. Never split a line before columns 70 - 79 unless you have a really good reason. Be smart about formatting.

One exception to the previous rule is function calls, declarations, and definitions. In function calls, declarations, and definitions, either the declaration is a one-liner, or each parameter is listed on its own line. The rationale is that if there are many parameters, each one should be on its own line to make tracking interface changes easier.

== If, switch, & Code blocks ==

Always follow an 'if' keyword with a space but don't include additional spaces following or preceding the parentheses in the conditional.
This is good:

if (x == 1)

This is bad:

if ( x == 1 )

Yes we have a lot of code that uses the second form and we are trying to clean it up without being overly intrusive.

Note that this is a rule about parentheses following keywords and not functions. Don't insert a space between the name and left parentheses when invoking functions.

Braces for code blocks used by for, if, switch, while, do..while, etc. should begin on the same line as the statement keyword and end on a line of their own. You should always include braces, even if the block only contains one statement. NOTE: Functions are different and the beginning left brace should be located in the first column on the next line.

If the beginning statement has to be broken across lines due to length, the beginning brace should be on a line of its own.

The exception to the ending rule is when the closing brace is followed by another language keyword such as else or the closing while in a do..while loop.

Good examples:

if (x == 1) {
printf("good\n");
}
for (x=1; x<10; x++) {
print("%d\n", x);
}
for (really_really_really_really_long_var_name=0;
really_really_really_really_long_var_name<10;
really_really_really_really_long_var_name++)
{
print("%d\n", really_really_really_really_long_var_name);
}
do {
printf("also good\n");
} while (1);

Bad examples:

while (1)
{
print("I'm in a loop!\n"); }
for (x=1;
x<10;
x++)
{
print("no good\n");
}
if (i < 10)
print("I should be in braces.\n");

== Goto ==

While many people have been academically taught that "goto"s are fundamentally evil, they can greatly enhance readability and reduce memory leaks when used as the single exit point from a function. But in no Samba world what so ever is a goto outside of a function or block of code a good idea.

Good Examples:

int function foo(int y)
{
int *z = NULL;
int ret = 0;
if (y < 10) {
z = malloc(sizeof(int) * y);
if (z == NULL) {
ret = 1;
goto done;
}
}
print("Allocated %d elements.\n", y);
done:
if (z != NULL) {
free(z);
}
return ret;
}

== Primitive Data Types ==

Samba has large amounts of historical code which makes use of data types commonly supported by the C99 standard. However, at the time such types as boolean and exact width integers did not exist and Samba developers were forced to provide their own. Now that these types are guaranteed to be available either as part of the compiler C99 support or from lib/replace/, new code should adhere to the following conventions:

* Booleans are of type "bool" (not BOOL)
* Boolean values are "true" and "false" (not True or False)
* Exact width integers are of type [u]int[8|16|32|64]_t

Most of the time a good name for a boolean variable is 'ok'. Here is an example we often use:

bool ok;
ok = foo();
if (!ok) {
/* do something */
}

It makes the code more readable and is easy to debug.

== Typedefs ==

Samba tries to avoid "typedef struct { .. } x_t;" so we do always try to use "struct x { .. };". We know there are still such typedefs in the code, but for new code, please don't do that anymore.

== Initialize pointers ==

All pointer variables MUST be initialized to NULL. History has demonstrated that uninitialized pointer variables have lead to various bugs and security issues.

Pointers MUST be initialized even if the assignment directly follows the declaration, like pointer2 in the example below, because the instructions sequence may change over time.

Good Example:

char *pointer1 = NULL;
char *pointer2 = NULL;
pointer2 = some_func2();
...
pointer1 = some_func1();

Bad Example:

char *pointer1;
char *pointer2;
pointer2 = some_func2();
...
pointer1 = some_func1();

== Make use of helper variables ==

Please try to avoid passing function calls as function parameters in new code. This makes the code much easier to read and it's also easier to use the "step" command within gdb.

Good Example:

char *name = NULL;
int ret;
name = get_some_name();
if (name == NULL) {
...
}
ret = some_function_my_name(name);
...


Bad Example:

ret = some_function_my_name(get_some_name());
...

Please try to avoid passing function return values to if- or while-conditions. The reason for this is better handling of code under a debugger.

Good example:

x = malloc(sizeof(short)*10);
if (x == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to alloc memory!\n");
}

Bad example:

if ((x = malloc(sizeof(short)*10)) == NULL ) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to alloc memory!\n");
}

There are exceptions to this rule. One example is walking a data structure in an iterator style:

while ((opt = poptGetNextOpt(pc)) != -1) {
... do something with opt ...
}

Another exception: DBG messages for example printing a SID or a GUID:
Here we don't expect any surprise from the printing functions, and the main reason of this guideline is to make debugging easier. That reason rarely exists for this particular use case, and we gain some efficiency because the DBG_ macros don't evaluate their arguments if the debuglevel is not high enough.

if (!NT_STATUS_IS_OK(status)) {
struct dom_sid_buf sid_buf;
struct GUID_txt_buf guid_buf;
DBG_WARNING(
"objectSID [%s] for GUID [%s] invalid\n",
dom_sid_str_buf(objectsid, &sid_buf),
GUID_buf_string(&cache->entries[idx], &guid_buf));
}

But in general, please try to avoid this pattern.

== Control-Flow changing macros ==

Macros like NT_STATUS_NOT_OK_RETURN that change control flow (return/goto/etc) from within the macro are considered bad, because they look like function calls that never change control flow. Please do not use them in new code.

The only exception is the test code that depends repeated use of calls like CHECK_STATUS, CHECK_VAL and others.

== Error and out logic ==

Don't do this:

frame = talloc_stackframe();
if (ret == LDB_SUCCESS) {
if (result->count == 0) {
ret = LDB_ERR_NO_SUCH_OBJECT;
} else {
struct ldb_message *match =
get_best_match(dn, result);
if (match == NULL) {
TALLOC_FREE(frame);
return LDB_ERR_OPERATIONS_ERROR;
}
*msg = talloc_move(mem_ctx, &match);
}
}
TALLOC_FREE(frame);
return ret;

It should be:

frame = talloc_stackframe();
if (ret != LDB_SUCCESS) {
TALLOC_FREE(frame);
return ret;
}
if (result->count == 0) {
TALLOC_FREE(frame);
return LDB_ERR_NO_SUCH_OBJECT;
}
match = get_best_match(dn, result);
if (match == NULL) {
TALLOC_FREE(frame);
return LDB_ERR_OPERATIONS_ERROR;
}
*msg = talloc_move(mem_ctx, &match);
TALLOC_FREE(frame);
return LDB_SUCCESS;


When contributing to Samba, it is expected that you will follow the [https://gitlab.com/samba-team/samba/-/blob/master/README.Coding.md Samba coding style guidelines]. The guidelines are about reducing the number of unnecessary reformatting patches and making things easier for developers to work together.
== DEBUG statements ==


Highlights of what is covered in this document:
Use these following macros instead of DEBUG:


* [https://gitlab.com/samba-team/samba/-/blob/master/README.Coding.md#quick-start Quick Start] explains the basic rules of code formatting.
DBG_ERR log level 0 error conditions
* [https://gitlab.com/samba-team/samba/-/blob/master/README.Coding.md#editor-hints Editor Hints] provides basic editor settings which deal with appropriate whitespace use, etc.
DBG_WARNING log level 1 warning conditions
* [https://gitlab.com/samba-team/samba/-/blob/master/README.Coding.md#faq-statement-reference FAQ & Statement Reference] gives examples of correct vs. incorrect code formatting.
DBG_NOTICE log level 3 normal, but significant, condition
DBG_INFO log level 5 informational message
DBG_DEBUG log level 10 debug-level message


= Samba codebase organization =
Example usage:


{{:Samba codebase organization overview}}
DBG_ERR("Memory allocation failed\n");
DBG_DEBUG("Received %d bytes\n", count);


The Samba codebase is broken down in detail in the '''[[Samba_codebase_organization|Samba codebase organization page]]'''.
The messages from these macros are automatically prefixed with the function name.

Latest revision as of 02:51, 13 June 2020

Development Practices

Typical development process

The typical development process on Samba looks like this:

  • A developer has a problem to solve. This might be fixing a bug, or implementing some previously unsupported Windows Server functionality.
  • The developer would then write test cases that demonstrate the problem. For server-side behaviour, these test cases would pass when run against a Windows DC, but fail against a Samba DC.
  • The finished tests are integrated into Samba’s self-test and marked as known failures initially. There are a couple of benefits to this approach:
  • It’s standard practice in Test-Driven Development (TDD) to help prove that the new test-case works correctly.
  • It means git bisect can be run over the codebase, which can help to identify any degradations introduced to Samba. After any given commit, the Samba code will always compile, and will always pass all tests.
  • The developer then writes the code to fix the bug or implement the desired functionality. The known failure status for the new tests is removed, the new tests are re-run, and this time they should all pass.
  • The developer should then run the full Continuous Integration (CI) test suite over their changes, to verify they haven’t broken any existing functionality. The Gitlab CI provides a convenient way to do this, although there are several other approaches. Developers outside the samba team can submit patches to run against the Gitlab CI by following the Merge Requests process on the Contribute page.
  • The developer should end up with a coherent set of patches that add the new functionality, along with tests that prove the new functionality works correctly. They then submit the patch-set as explained by Contribute page.
  • The code is reviewed by Samba Team members. While any developer can potentially contribute changes to the Samba codebase, only Samba Team members have the access rights to actually deliver code changes to the master code branch. Usually the reviewers provide some feedback on how the patches could be further improved.
  • Once the reviewer is happy, the code must then pass a final CI test run before it’s incorporated into the main Samba codebase.

The following sections cover the Continuous Integration and Code Review process in more detail, as these steps are particularly important to maintaining the quality of the Samba codebase.

Continuous Integration

Samba's autobuild system is the core of our CI system.

Code Review

See Samba's Code Review Guidelines

Coding Style

When contributing to Samba, it is expected that you will follow the Samba coding style guidelines. The guidelines are about reducing the number of unnecessary reformatting patches and making things easier for developers to work together.

Highlights of what is covered in this document:

Samba codebase organization

Broadly speaking, the Samba source-code tree can be organized into the following major groups:

  • Top-level libraries, which contains common code shared amongst the Samba processes.
  • Source3, which is code primarily used by the file server and domain member.
  • Source4, which is code primarily used by the Active Directory Domain Controller.
  • Infrastructure components, which provide the build and test framework for Samba.
  • Autogenerated code, which is used for parsing DCE/RPC packets as well as other regularly structured buffers.

The Samba codebase is broken down in detail in the Samba codebase organization page.