Nslcd: Difference between revisions

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= Introduction =
= Advantages / Disadvantages =


The <code>nslcd</code> service enables you to configure your local system to load users and groups from an LDAP directory, such as Active Directory (AD).
''Because people may find that some of the disadvantages are advantages or vice versa in their environment, we won't classify here.''


To enable the <code>nslcd</code> service to load user and group information, you have to set the Unix attributes for users and groups in AD. For details, see [[Maintaining_Unix_Attributes_in_AD_using_ADUC|Maintaining Unix Attributes in AD using ADUC]].
* Fast and easy to configure.


{{Imbox
* Requires central storage of posix data (UID/GID, home directory, shell, etc.) in AD. Your domain have to be provisioned/upgraded with <tt>--use-rfc2307</tt> to store this data. Accounts/groups can be administrated e. g. via ADUC on Windows then.
| type = note
| text = Samba does not provide support for the <code>nslcd</code> service, other than what is on this page.
}}


* UIDs/GIDs are the same on every server.


* Doesn't require the machine to be joined to the domain. A simple LDAP connection to the DC (389/tcp for LDAP or 646/tcp for LDAPs) is enough.


* Requires nslcd and pam_ldap to be installed on your system.


* Resolving of nested groups is supported since nslcd 0.8.13 (<tt>nss_nested_groups yes</tt>).


= Configuring the nslcd Service =


== Authenticating nslcd to AD Using Kerberos ==


To enable the <code>nslcd</code> service to authenticate to Active Directory (AD) using Kerberos:


* On a Samba AD DC, create a new user in AD. For example: <code>nslcd-ad</code>
: Set the following options in the account's settings:
:* Set a random password
:* Password never expires
:* User cannot change password


= Installation =


Extract the Kerberos keytab for the nslcd-ad account to the /tmp directory
Most distributions already ship nslcd in their default installation. In RHEL6 the package is named <tt>nss-pam-ldapd</tt>.


sudo samba-tool domain exportkeytab /tmp/krb5.nslcd.keytab --principal=nslcd-ad
If you want to authenticate local *nix services on your server against AD, additionaly you require <tt>pam_ldap</tt>.
Export one principal to /tmp/krb5.nslcd.keytab




Copy the keytab to the Unix domain member:
sudo scp /tmp/krb5.nslcd.keytab auser@deb11:/home/auser/
auser@deb11's password:
krb5.nslcd.keytab 100% 237 72.3KB/s 00:00




Now go to the Unix domain member (Debian 11 in this instance) and install the following packages:


sudo apt install nslcd nslcd-utils libnss-ldapd libpam-ldapd libsasl2-modules-gssapi-heimdal
= Configuring nslcd =


{{Imbox
The following basic example let nslcd retrieve it's information from AD through an separate account. nslcd is also capable to use Kerberos. This would not be part of this HowTo.
| type = note
| text = It is understood that Samba is already installed and working.
}}


* Create a new user account in your AD, nslcd uses to bind via LDAP and retrieve it's information. Make sure, that you configure this account with the „password never expires“ option! Remember the DN (distinguished name) of the new user. The following example uses the DN „cn=ldap-connect,cn=Users,dc=SAMDOM,dc=example,dc=com“.


Move the keytab to the correct location and ensure it has the correct permissions:
* Currently not all required posix information could be retrieved via LDAP ([https://bugzilla.samba.org/show_bug.cgi?id=9788 Bug report #9788]), because of incorrect directory ACLs. As a workaround, simply add the following to your <tt>smb.conf</tt> on the DC, nslcd is connecting to and restart Samba:


sudo mv /home/auser/krb5.nslcd.keytab /etc/krb5.nslcd.keytab
[global]
sudo chown nslcd:root /etc/krb5.nslcd.keytab
...
sudo chmod 600 /etc/krb5.nslcd.keytab
acl:search = no


* Use the following content in your <tt>/etc/nslcd.conf</tt>:


* Edit the <code>/etc/nslcd.conf</code> file and set the following settings:
#Mappings for Active Directory

# /etc/nslcd.conf
# nslcd configuration file. See nslcd.conf(5)
# for details.
# The user and group nslcd should run as.
uid nslcd
gid nslcd
# The location at which the LDAP server(s) should be reachable.
uri ldap://dc1.samdom.example.com/
# Note: add lines for all your Samba DC's
# The search base that will be used for all queries.
base dc=samdom,dc=example,dc=com
pagesize 1000
pagesize 1000
referrals off
referrals off
nss_nested_groups yes
# The LDAP protocol version to use.
#ldap_version 3
sasl_mech GSSAPI
sasl_realm SAMDOM.EXAMPLE.COM
krb5_ccname /tmp/nslcd.tkt
# Filters
filter passwd (objectclass=user)
filter group (objectclass=group)
# Attribute mappings
# Passwd
filter passwd (&(objectClass=user)(!(objectClass=computer))(uidNumber=*))
map passwd uid sAMAccountName
map passwd uid sAMAccountName
map passwd homeDirectory unixHomeDirectory
map passwd homeDirectory unixHomeDirectory
map passwd gecos displayName
map passwd gecos displayName
map passwd gidNumber primaryGroupID
map passwd gidNumber primaryGroupID

: For details about the parameters, see the <code>nslcd.conf (5)</code> man page.
# Groups
filter group (&(objectClass=group)(gidNumber=*))
map group uniqueMember member
# User/group with which the daemon should run (must be a local account!)
uid nslcd
gid ldap
# LDAP server settings
uri ldap://127.0.0.1:389/
base dc=SAMDOM,dc=example,dc=com
# Account in AD that is used from nslcd to bind to the directory
binddn cn=ldap-connect,cn=Users,dc=SAMDOM,dc=example,dc=com
bindpw xxxxx


* Start the nslcd daemon.


* Append <tt>ldap</tt> to the <tt>passwd</tt> and <tt>group</tt> entry of your <tt>/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt>, to let the system query LDAP for this this databases.
* To enable LDAP databases for the name service switch (NSS), add the <code>ldap</code> option to the following lines in the <code>/etc/nsswitch.conf</code> file:


passwd: files ldap
passwd: files ldap
group: files ldap
group: files ldap


* All accounts/groups are now available to the local system.


Edit the /etc/default/nslcd file and set the following settings:


# Defaults for nslcd init script
# Whether to start k5start (for obtaining and keeping a Kerberos ticket)
# By default k5start is started if nslcd.conf has sasl_mech set to GSSAPI
# and krb5_ccname is set to a file-type ticket cache.
# Set to "yes" to force starting k5start, any other value will not start
# k5start.
#K5START_START="yes"
# Options for k5start.
#K5START_BIN=/usr/bin/k5start
K5START_KEYTAB=/etc/krb5.nslcd.keytab
#K5START_CCREFRESH=60
K5START_PRINCIPAL="nslcd-ad"


* Start the <code>nslcd</code> service.
== Testing ==


* Test 1: Retrieving accounts via <tt>getent</tt>. This should show local and domain accounts (which have the required posix attributes).


# getent passwd
...
Administrator:*:10000:513::/home/Administrator:/bin/bash
demo1:*:10002:513:Demo User1:/home/demo1:/bin/false


* Test 2: Retrieving groups via <tt>getent</tt>. This should show local and domain groups (which have the required posix attributes).


# getent group
...
Domain Users:*:10000:demo1
demo-group:*:10003:demo1


= Testing the User and Group Retrieval =
* Test 3: Change owner/group of of a file to a domain user/group:
# touch /tmp/testfile
# chown Administrator:"Domain Users" /tmp/testfile
# ls -l /tmp/testfile
-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator Domain Users 0 26. Aug 22:35 /tmp/testfile


To list users and groups having Unix attributes in Active Directory (AD) set:


* To list a users account, enter:


# getent passwd demo
demo:*:10001:10001:demo1:/home/demo:/bin/bash


* If you do not get any output, leave the domain, then join again and reboot


* To list a group, enter:
= Configuring PAM (pam_ldap) =


# getent group demo-group
To authenticate local services (SSH, FTP, etc.) which uses PAM, you can setup <tt>pam_ldap</tt> to authenticate against AD via LDAP.
demo-group:*:10001:demo1


* Edit <tt>/etc/pam_ldap.conf</tt>:


base dc=SAMDOM,dc=example,dc=com
binddn cn=ldap-connect,cn=Users,dc=SAMDOM,dc=example,dc=com
bindpw xxxxx
bind_policy soft
pam_login_attribute sAMAccountName
uri ldap://127.0.0.1:389:389/
ssl no


* Edit your PAM configuration file(s) corresponding to the services you want to hook up. The following is an example for a PAM configuration, that can be used e. g. for ssh (<tt>/etc/pam.d/sshd</tt>). But be carefull: Change take effect immediately!


#%PAM-1.0M-1.0
auth required pam_nologin.so
auth sufficient pam_ldap.so
auth required pam_unix.so use_first_pass # set_secrpc
account required pam_unix.so
password required pam_pwcheck.so
password required pam_ldap.so use_authtok
password required pam_unix.so use_first_pass use_authtok
session required pam_unix.so
session required pam_limits.so
session required pam_env.so






= Troubleshooting =
== Testing ==

If the <code>getent</code> command fails to load users and groups from Active Directory (AD):

* Stop the <code>nslcd</code> service.

* Start the <code>nslcd</code> service in debug mode:

# nslcd -d

: The service will start in the foreground and the output is displayed on the screen.


* On a second terminal, run the failed <code>getent</code> command again and watch the <code>nslcd</code> debug output.
* Test 1: Try accessing a service or log into a service, you have configured to use pam_ldap. Example for ssh:
# ssh demo1@DC1
demo1@dc1's password:
Last login: Mon Aug 26 22:59:40 2013 from pc01.samdom.example.com
[demo1@DC1 ~]$

Latest revision as of 11:30, 28 January 2022

Introduction

The nslcd service enables you to configure your local system to load users and groups from an LDAP directory, such as Active Directory (AD).

To enable the nslcd service to load user and group information, you have to set the Unix attributes for users and groups in AD. For details, see Maintaining Unix Attributes in AD using ADUC.



Configuring the nslcd Service

Authenticating nslcd to AD Using Kerberos

To enable the nslcd service to authenticate to Active Directory (AD) using Kerberos:

  • On a Samba AD DC, create a new user in AD. For example: nslcd-ad
Set the following options in the account's settings:
  • Set a random password
  • Password never expires
  • User cannot change password


Extract the Kerberos keytab for the nslcd-ad account to the /tmp directory

sudo samba-tool domain exportkeytab /tmp/krb5.nslcd.keytab --principal=nslcd-ad
Export one principal to /tmp/krb5.nslcd.keytab


Copy the keytab to the Unix domain member:

sudo scp /tmp/krb5.nslcd.keytab auser@deb11:/home/auser/
auser@deb11's password: 
krb5.nslcd.keytab                             100%  237    72.3KB/s   00:00    


Now go to the Unix domain member (Debian 11 in this instance) and install the following packages:

sudo apt install nslcd nslcd-utils libnss-ldapd libpam-ldapd libsasl2-modules-gssapi-heimdal


Move the keytab to the correct location and ensure it has the correct permissions:

sudo mv /home/auser/krb5.nslcd.keytab /etc/krb5.nslcd.keytab
sudo chown nslcd:root /etc/krb5.nslcd.keytab 
sudo chmod 600 /etc/krb5.nslcd.keytab


  • Edit the /etc/nslcd.conf file and set the following settings:
# /etc/nslcd.conf
# nslcd configuration file. See nslcd.conf(5)
# for details.

# The user and group nslcd should run as.
uid nslcd
gid nslcd

# The location at which the LDAP server(s) should be reachable.
uri             ldap://dc1.samdom.example.com/
# Note: add lines for all your Samba DC's

# The search base that will be used for all queries.
base dc=samdom,dc=example,dc=com
pagesize 1000
referrals off
nss_nested_groups yes

# The LDAP protocol version to use.
#ldap_version 3

sasl_mech GSSAPI
sasl_realm SAMDOM.EXAMPLE.COM
krb5_ccname /tmp/nslcd.tkt

# Filters
filter passwd (objectclass=user)
filter group (objectclass=group)

# Attribute mappings
map     passwd  uid                sAMAccountName
map     passwd  homeDirectory      unixHomeDirectory
map     passwd  gecos              displayName
map     passwd  gidNumber          primaryGroupID


For details about the parameters, see the nslcd.conf (5) man page.


  • To enable LDAP databases for the name service switch (NSS), add the ldap option to the following lines in the /etc/nsswitch.conf file:
passwd:     files ldap
group:      files ldap


Edit the /etc/default/nslcd file and set the following settings:

# Defaults for nslcd init script

# Whether to start k5start (for obtaining and keeping a Kerberos ticket)
# By default k5start is started if nslcd.conf has sasl_mech set to GSSAPI
# and krb5_ccname is set to a file-type ticket cache.
# Set to "yes" to force starting k5start, any other value will not start
# k5start.
#K5START_START="yes"

# Options for k5start.
#K5START_BIN=/usr/bin/k5start
K5START_KEYTAB=/etc/krb5.nslcd.keytab
#K5START_CCREFRESH=60
K5START_PRINCIPAL="nslcd-ad"
  • Start the nslcd service.



Testing the User and Group Retrieval

To list users and groups having Unix attributes in Active Directory (AD) set:

  • To list a users account, enter:
# getent passwd demo
demo:*:10001:10001:demo1:/home/demo:/bin/bash
  • If you do not get any output, leave the domain, then join again and reboot
  • To list a group, enter:
# getent group demo-group
demo-group:*:10001:demo1




Troubleshooting

If the getent command fails to load users and groups from Active Directory (AD):

  • Stop the nslcd service.
  • Start the nslcd service in debug mode:
# nslcd -d
The service will start in the foreground and the output is displayed on the screen.
  • On a second terminal, run the failed getent command again and watch the nslcd debug output.